The launch of Sentinel 2A and 2B as part of the European Space Agency's Copernicus Program, has increased the frequency with which medium resolution satellite imagery in optical and near infrared is available.
Landsat 8 (and 7) are also still operating, which take a given frame every 16 days each.
Landsat 7 unfortunately has a scan line corrector fault that means there are stripes of missing data:
There was a particularly cloud free image of Cornwall on Landsat 8 on 27th March 2017, which I show below, displayed using
tuiview.
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| On the left is a visible light band combination using bands 2, 3 and 4 which are broadband blue, green and red bands, and on the right I use band 7 (which is known as SWIR2, which stands for short-wave infrared 2, at around 2.2 micrometres wavelength), band 5 (near infrared), and band 4 (red, but shown as blue here). Infrared bands can be a bit confusing, especially if you have been exposed to both terrestrial remote sensing and astronomers terminology. |
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| A somewhat closer view, with Truro at the top-right, showing Falmouth, the Fal estuary, Camborne and Redruth, and Stithians Reservoir in the centre. |
Sentinel 2 has also captured some good clear images recently in the area, such as this. These are processed in the Sentinel 2 Toolbox within the
Sentinel Application Platform, using
sen2cor to process to Level 2A (surface reflectance)
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| This is from 18th April 2017, with a clear view of parts of Cornwall. |
Sentinel 2 also took a mostly clear (apart from some high cloud) image on 27th March 2017:
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| The top image uses bands 2, 3 and 4 for the blue, green and red channels respectively, and the bottom uses 2, 8 (842nm) and 12 (2190nm). |
Since the different bands are at different resolutions, when using the Sentinel Application Platform it is necessary to resample the output under the Raster menu, to process it further. This can produce a very large file, so I used the GeoTIFF / BigTIFF option because otherwise it would produce a file larger than a standard GeoTIFF file can be, when the 10m resolution is used. This can then be converted to a .KEA file for a smaller file size with gdal_translate.
The reason the file size is enormous is the output from resampling has 45 bands, because although it outputs only 10 data bands, that is 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7 ,8 , 8a, 11 and 12, there are also atmosphere optical depth, water vapour, cloud probability, snow probability, and a scene classification, and then bands describing zenith angle, solar angle for every bands. As an uncompressed GeoTIFF this was 22 gigabytes for each tile, but is less than 1GB as a KEA (and I selected only the first 15 bands using rsgislib).
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| Four Sentinel 2 tiles combined (UUA, UUB, UVA, and UVB) to provide an overview of Cornwall and Devon - with border overplotted in QGIS - visible light |
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| Using Band 12 = red, Band 8 = green and Band 2 = blue. |
I have also opened them in QGIS and overplotted a map based on OpenStreetMap:
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| Sentinel 2 - 18th April 2017 - visible light |
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| Sentinel 2 - 18th April 2017 - Band 12 (2.2 μm), Band 8 (842nm), and Band 2 (blue). |
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| Landsat 8 - 27th March 2017 - Bands 4 3 and 2 (visible light) |
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| Landsat 8 - 27th March 2017 - Bands 7, 5 and 2 |
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| Sentinel 2 - 26th March 2017 - visible light |
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| Sentinel 2 - 26th March 2017 - Bands 12, 8, 2 |
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| Another possible band combination of the 18th April image, which is visible light but with the red and green channels swapped, and blue stretched a bit further to attempt to see the bluebells in the woodland shown from Sentinel2. The location is just to the right of the gridlines crossing at 183000, 41000 |
I will blog again about some of these when I have some time to experiment with processing. I have used the
Sentinel 2 Toolbox and
sen2cor to process the images, but I would also like to try ARCSI for processing from Level 1C to surface reflectance for Sentinel 2.
