In the last post I noted the distribution of glacier-like forms according to elevation relative to Mars datum, and slope, as measured by the Mars Express HRSC DTM data.

One issue is whether the distribution according to elevation is a primary function of elevation, or the fact that the distribution of slope varies according to elevation in the area of study.

The distribution of slope and elevation was considered previously:



What will be needed however is the histogram of slope as a function of elevation. Below is a table of 179 HRSC DTM tiles that contain coverage of Souness objects, detailing mean, minimum and maximum elevation and slope, etc. A more comprehensive statistical assessment would use all HRSC DTM tiles that exist in the latitude range 25° - 70° that Souness studied.

Here are a couple of plots, showing the mean slope as a function of mean elevation, with errorbars, and the area of the plotting symbol proportional to the area of each tile, and a plot showing the proportion of each tile having slope exceeding 5° and 10° respectively.

Table of HRSC tiles

For comparison, the area of the UK is 243600km². Several individual tiles are larger than this, the largest being h0533. The average area of each tile is 87055km². Total area, ignoring overlap is 15.6 million km², and taking account of overlap, it is 13.4 million km². To find more about an individual tile, click on the link in the first column to the tile's page on Arizona State University's Mars Image Explorer or using HRSCview.

Field	Dimensions	DTM Resolution	Centre location	Area	Mean elev	Min elev	Max elev	Average slope	Percentage exceeding 10°
h0022_0000	(12781, 1173) px	100m	100.9°E, 29.4°S	98445km2	314.1	-2356	4399	5.4°	16.9%
h0037_0000	(36203, 4729) px	50m	131.9°W, 29.4°N	217870km2	1762.4	-2722	21234	5.5°	16.3%
h0248_0000	(6562, 1216) px	50m	102.6°E, 37.2°S	18548km2	110.1	-816	3358	4.1°	9.8%
h0266_0000	(6715, 1463) px	50m	94.7°W, 43.3°S	18355km2	3653.4	2002	8427	3.5°	6.0%
h0280_0000	(8361, 1039) px	75m	153.6°E, 39.9°S	34376km2	754.2	-52	1842	2.8°	3.8%
h0365_0000	(10801, 1685) px	75m	90.7°E, 45.5°S	56958km2	-4177.5	-5841	-459	3.3°	4.3%
h0368_0000	(12191, 1663) px	75m	118.3°E, 41.9°S	67909km2	783.8	-728	2808	3.1°	5.5%
h0376_0000	(13048, 2782) px	50m	29.1°W, 48.7°S	46781km2	-346.6	-3392	3730	5.6°	17.2%
h0383_0000	(1601, 1068) px	75m	37.9°W, 43.1°S	8767km2	-1715.5	-4305	1025	6.4°	21.4%
h0394_0000	(7360, 1523) px	75m	52.0°W, 42.4°S	42870km2	561.4	-1847	3741	7.9°	29.9%
h0397_0000	(22832, 2260) px	75m	13.0°E, 37.1°S	146656km2	1612.3	-143	2981	3.7°	5.4%
h0416_0000	(8537, 1457) px	100m	55.2°W, 46.6°S	73480km2	236.5	-2513	3608	5.9°	17.7%
h0424_0000	(10549, 2394) px	50m	121.4°W, 44.3°S	45403km2	2071.6	588	3526	2.9°	3.4%
h0427_0000	(8101, 2100) px	75m	57.1°W, 44.0°S	53877km2	1200.5	-1230	3735	4.8°	12.0%
h0451_0000	(6222, 2598) px	100m	103.2°E, 38.8°S	70761km2	-87.0	-2557	4692	4.5°	11.3%
h0453_0000	(10385, 1838) px	75m	92.0°W, 41.2°S	79320km2	4257.2	650	8978	4.0°	6.9%
h0466_0000	(6081, 1339) px	150m	69.7°E, 20.8°S	145309km2	-327.9	-4469	3638	4.9°	10.7%
h0469_0000	(7227, 2011) px	75m	135.0°E, 40.5°S	63422km2	1630.0	-581	2786	3.0°	5.1%
h0478_0000	(18069, 2865) px	125m	30.2°W, 23.6°S	410550km2	-1037.0	-4661	2167	5.6°	15.8%
h0479_0000	(3458, 1348) px	100m	128.1°W, 42.7°S	40474km2	2102.0	515	4837	3.2°	5.6%
h0497_0000	(10101, 1885) px	100m	97.0°W, 37.0°S	135551km2	4503.0	1828	7379	3.4°	4.5%
h0506_0000	(11762, 1920) px	125m	98.3°E, 33.1°S	221775km2	-367.1	-3175	5458	3.5°	8.1%
h0508_0000	(12599, 2646) px	75m	98.8°W, 34.0°S	138944km2	5258.3	2429	9155	4.1°	7.3%
h0528_0000	(11402, 2553) px	100m	93.1°E, 29.6°S	208685km2	-599.9	-5230	3696	3.6°	6.8%
h0533_0000	(13073, 2294) px	150m	38.2°W, 22.0°S	456221km2	-409.1	-5430	2640	5.6°	15.0%
h0544_0000	(2790, 1207) px	150m	37.9°W, 40.6°S	66060km2	-985.3	-4288	2220	5.3°	15.2%
h0550_0000	(4445, 1789) px	125m	92.3°E, 32.5°S	111078km2	-2117.2	-5390	1221	3.0°	5.8%
h0558_0000	(6320, 2251) px	125m	25.5°E, 32.1°S	174245km2	1948.4	-161	3562	2.9°	5.5%
h0988_0000	(14122, 1433) px	75m	77.2°E, 22.5°N	83411km2	-1307.1	-3523	1505	6.2°	18.5%
h1201_0000	(5202, 1373) px	75m	24.6°E, 43.5°N	28478km2	-3224.1	-3909	-1732	4.7°	12.1%
h1210_0000	(2491, 931) px	75m	138.1°W, 39.0°N	12230km2	-1629.8	-3168	179	4.9°	11.2%
h1232_0000	(3912, 1097) px	75m	140.3°W, 37.4°N	17785km2	-1977.9	-3581	-5	4.6°	10.2%
h1241_0000	(4672, 1362) px	75m	54.2°E, 44.6°N	24804km2	-2578.1	-3295	-183	5.3°	13.8%
h1258_0000	(5101, 1072) px	75m	177.6°W, 32.5°N	22915km2	-3837.0	-4161	-2610	3.5°	9.3%
h1312_0000	(7271, 1337) px	75m	84.7°W, 35.8°N	36762km2	926.3	-1001	2700	4.6°	9.7%
h1316_0000	(5401, 1233) px	100m	119.7°W, 31.7°N	40045km2	1893.0	663	2821	2.1°	0.9%
h1317_0000	(4001, 886) px	100m	144.6°E, 31.7°N	28788km2	-1767.1	-4681	1680	2.8°	3.1%
h1351_0000	(8402, 1977) px	75m	41.0°E, 47.4°N	48721km2	-2762.2	-4659	978	3.8°	7.6%
h1391_0000	(12890, 1476) px	100m	68.3°E, 37.3°N	120274km2	-1699.3	-5080	1573	4.9°	12.9%
h1395_0000	(5203, 1512) px	100m	34.7°E, 43.5°N	44511km2	-2828.2	-4259	-698	4.4°	10.1%
h1412_0000	(11403, 1941) px	100m	165.0°E, 41.4°N	113313km2	-3078.8	-4178	487	4.0°	9.3%
h1423_0000	(15994, 2143) px	75m	163.3°E, 39.5°N	127585km2	-3021.1	-4072	283	3.5°	6.7%
h1428_0000	(13002, 3085) px	75m	30.3°E, 42.3°N	102455km2	-2734.8	-7153	165	4.7°	11.0%
h1429_0000	(20803, 3289) px	75m	67.5°W, 39.2°N	171804km2	-966.9	-3765	1326	4.8°	11.5%
h1446_0000	(11318, 2014) px	100m	60.8°E, 38.4°N	133749km2	-1916.4	-3797	767	5.7°	16.9%
h1450_0000	(18203, 4148) px	75m	27.8°E, 41.8°N	163141km2	-2807.8	-7127	-169	4.9°	11.8%
h1461_0000	(16986, 4749) px	75m	25.4°E, 43.9°N	154244km2	-2924.2	-6588	-492	3.6°	6.3%
h1468_0000	(19462, 3367) px	75m	58.6°E, 47.6°N	169273km2	-3114.9	-5556	-38	3.0°	5.7%
h1483_0000	(11102, 3084) px	100m	23.5°E, 42.8°N	143811km2	-3036.0	-4265	-671	3.5°	6.6%
h1498_0000	(7603, 2119) px	100m	11.6°W, 34.3°N	110710km2	-3640.2	-5207	-2165	4.3°	8.1%
h1523_0000	(10543, 3418) px	75m	49.8°E, 43.1°N	116809km2	-1814.8	-3636	914	4.3°	10.5%
h1526_0000	(5503, 2821) px	75m	115.0°E, 40.1°N	63553km2	-4952.7	-6556	-4301	2.1°	1.7%
h1528_0000	(16803, 3537) px	75m	80.5°W, 40.3°N	196042km2	480.7	-2965	2791	4.1°	7.9%
h1545_0000	(9373, 3847) px	75m	46.5°E, 44.1°N	113871km2	-2069.4	-4212	664	5.1°	14.8%
h1550_0000	(16403, 3782) px	75m	83.5°W, 41.0°N	208952km2	419.0	-2573	3222	4.1°	8.6%
h1578_0000	(8602, 3013) px	100m	43.0°E, 44.1°N	160965km2	-2107.2	-4483	1032	3.8°	7.9%
h1600_0000	(7501, 2721) px	125m	38.6°E, 39.7°N	199966km2	-1366.3	-3900	972	3.7°	6.5%
h1607_0000	(5002, 2045) px	175m	71.4°E, 38.0°N	226517km2	-2320.6	-4132	889	4.3°	11.3%
h1628_0000	(5002, 3727) px	100m	165.4°E, 40.9°N	138771km2	-3025.3	-4670	455	3.6°	7.5%
h1629_0000	(5302, 2471) px	150m	63.3°E, 38.9°N	215818km2	-2235.9	-4490	12	4.6°	12.3%
h1644_0000	(1952, 1607) px	175m	33.7°E, 40.4°N	86440km2	-1930.3	-3762	541	3.7°	6.7%
h1887_0000	(2502, 1418) px	250m	108.5°E, 41.6°S	171008km2	675.1	-920	4429	4.4°	10.0%
h1932_0000	(4227, 1298) px	225m	6.4°E, 40.5°S	206200km2	1318.3	-1607	2720	3.1°	3.5%
h1937_0000	(9003, 1817) px	100m	125.1°W, 30.9°S	125929km2	2777.4	1115	4173	2.6°	2.8%
h2159_0000	(4012, 1367) px	75m	19.6°E, 45.6°S	26129km2	1506.1	394	3048	3.3°	3.6%
h2181_0000	(4804, 1207) px	100m	17.4°E, 48.3°S	43588km2	1551.6	702	2841	2.5°	2.9%
h2195_0000	(3952, 993) px	100m	82.8°E, 45.1°S	31518km2	-6126.6	-7179	-5386	2.8°	2.1%
h2197_0000	(2011, 1302) px	100m	114.0°W, 52.0°S	19989km2	1505.8	-354	3428	5.1°	11.9%
h2210_0000	(1502, 1067) px	100m	47.2°E, 48.3°S	12625km2	-2184.6	-4542	1064	5.7°	18.5%
h2220_0000	(5682, 2373) px	75m	144.4°E, 48.1°S	34383km2	1560.7	-115	3208	3.7°	6.0%
h2224_0000	(6432, 1196) px	75m	112.9°E, 41.3°S	27821km2	632.7	-1484	3716	4.5°	10.4%
h2247_0000	(8833, 2025) px	75m	12.3°E, 53.5°S	58270km2	1553.7	-135	2780	2.9°	2.9%
h2279_0000	(8393, 1550) px	50m	108.5°E, 41.5°S	24411km2	670.6	-344	4319	6.0°	18.2%
h2287_0000	(11802, 3213) px	75m	41.7°E, 55.2°S	77249km2	267.2	-1113	2002	2.1°	1.7%
h2312_0000	(6001, 1723) px	75m	106.7°E, 43.4°S	27029km2	286.2	-399	2342	3.6°	5.6%
h2345_0000	(2401, 1116) px	75m	104.5°E, 45.1°S	11286km2	-130.5	-1256	4619	3.5°	6.3%
h2356_0000	(2802, 974) px	75m	103.6°E, 40.5°S	13506km2	-34.6	-1685	4701	5.3°	16.6%
h2359_0000	(2832, 1177) px	75m	169.2°E, 45.8°S	13662km2	1732.5	173	3211	4.6°	10.9%
h2386_0000	(13002, 2303) px	75m	36.8°E, 50.3°S	71588km2	564.7	-1005	1530	2.7°	3.5%
h2387_0000	(10002, 1899) px	75m	61.0°W, 48.0°S	54648km2	1497.9	-656	3244	4.9°	11.6%
h2400_0000	(2613, 1613) px	50m	102.2°E, 40.5°S	9657km2	-699.9	-2481	4063	4.1°	9.6%
h2403_0000	(8652, 1648) px	75m	167.8°E, 50.0°S	50246km2	2010.5	495	3159	3.3°	4.8%
h2430_0000	(6606, 1747) px	75m	35.6°E, 52.1°S	40109km2	739.1	-735	1582	2.4°	2.3%
h2438_0000	(10043, 1416) px	100m	30.2°W, 45.4°S	85303km2	-494.9	-3381	3358	5.0°	13.2%
h2441_0000	(13702, 2759) px	75m	33.8°E, 50.5°S	87345km2	890.6	-1284	2210	4.0°	7.3%
h2460_0000	(7274, 1464) px	100m	31.8°W, 47.6°S	66541km2	-952.4	-3285	2447	5.5°	16.7%
h2466_0000	(3562, 1519) px	100m	98.9°E, 41.5°S	35078km2	-1243.3	-2783	2617	4.0°	9.4%
h2475_0000	(5903, 1822) px	75m	65.2°W, 46.1°S	43430km2	1863.8	-423	3672	3.9°	5.8%
h2493_0000	(9635, 2247) px	75m	33.6°W, 49.3°S	75915km2	-950.4	-2682	6113	5.9°	18.6%
h2494_0000	(15301, 2927) px	75m	131.8°W, 49.7°S	121366km2	2181.4	303	4451	3.7°	5.4%
h2501_0000	(3501, 1770) px	75m	99.7°W, 47.8°S	28233km2	2931.5	549	3878	3.1°	4.5%
h2508_0000	(15095, 3569) px	100m	67.7°W, 54.1°S	171382km2	1469.5	-868	3545	3.2°	3.0%
h2510_0000	(4885, 1230) px	125m	96.6°E, 40.5°S	75220km2	-2179.3	-5436	3017	4.4°	9.6%
h2515_0000	(16219, 6793) px	75m	36.8°W, 62.6°S	149827km2	783.7	-2718	6143	3.4°	7.5%
h2526_0000	(6887, 1443) px	125m	35.4°W, 39.0°S	116216km2	-717.2	-3224	2888	5.1°	14.0%
h2527_0000	(5006, 1956) px	75m	133.8°W, 43.0°S	47661km2	2001.1	-94	3377	3.4°	4.6%
h2529_0000	(10450, 2096) px	100m	29.8°E, 48.0°S	131221km2	1640.6	-26	3363	3.1°	4.9%
h2530_0000	(9003, 1937) px	125m	68.6°W, 33.4°S	188667km2	3159.1	356	5917	3.9°	5.6%
h2538_0000	(5029, 1263) px	150m	134.4°W, 34.7°S	113579km2	1867.0	36	3268	2.8°	3.8%
h2540_0000	(4782, 1518) px	150m	28.9°E, 32.8°S	128114km2	1751.6	-66	3167	3.8°	6.3%
h2541_0000	(13269, 3723) px	100m	70.0°W, 55.8°S	174235km2	1531.7	-562	3788	3.2°	4.3%
h2550_0000	(5801, 2127) px	100m	126.0°E, 43.3°S	85395km2	1425.5	-611	3538	4.1°	7.2%
h2595_0000	(7500, 1778) px	150m	24.5°E, 41.9°S	202177km2	2128.6	103	3801	2.6°	2.8%
h2596_0000	(7469, 2162) px	125m	74.3°W, 34.8°S	188443km2	3766.4	1831	7105	3.4°	4.0%
h2607_0000	(9723, 3249) px	100m	75.3°W, 49.5°S	174840km2	2141.2	-93	3969	3.1°	2.9%
h2609_0000	(4484, 1891) px	125m	88.5°E, 39.6°S	110090km2	-4757.3	-6323	-2738	3.0°	3.8%
h2612_0000	(8101, 3567) px	100m	152.9°E, 50.5°S	146882km2	1264.3	-634	3076	3.2°	3.6%
h2613_0000	(1552, 1243) px	200m	55.2°E, 32.0°S	71030km2	-4570.5	-7523	654	5.1°	10.3%
h2625_0000	(2802, 1977) px	150m	44.2°W, 39.0°S	104012km2	-396.2	-3079	3160	5.5°	16.5%
h2631_0000	(4801, 1724) px	175m	86.0°E, 36.2°S	196628km2	-3991.4	-6446	4290	3.4°	6.1%
h2638_0000	(5134, 2061) px	150m	118.0°E, 37.1°S	184526km2	764.2	-792	2849	2.4°	3.6%
h2639_0000	(5502, 1922) px	150m	19.9°E, 39.9°S	182385km2	1856.0	-342	3757	2.8°	3.2%
h2640_0000	(7401, 2142) px	150m	78.2°W, 42.1°S	242593km2	3239.4	-1149	7085	2.9°	3.6%
h2644_0000	(3752, 2019) px	150m	111.4°W, 45.0°S	123347km2	2524.6	452	4360	3.1°	4.3%
h2660_0000	(3838, 1899) px	175m	115.6°E, 38.0°S	166908km2	746.1	-1381	3326	2.5°	4.0%
h2665_0000	(4323, 2316) px	125m	15.4°W, 42.1°S	131624km2	946.2	-1587	2330	3.5°	4.9%
h2669_0000	(2373, 1508) px	200m	48.7°W, 38.2°S	122633km2	758.1	-1714	3946	5.5°	17.5%
h2681_0000	(2652, 1704) px	175m	148.1°W, 44.8°S	118773km2	2258.4	96	4555	3.0°	4.5%
h2689_0000	(4201, 2187) px	150m	145.4°E, 39.2°S	173432km2	1473.9	-1199	3141	2.7°	4.1%
h2694_0000	(2861, 1379) px	250m	13.7°E, 38.8°S	199978km2	1633.5	-464	3007	2.5°	3.1%
h2864_0000	(2206, 1891) px	175m	58.0°E, 35.2°N	92242km2	-1283.3	-3285	346	4.9°	13.4%
h2878_0000	(1682, 1190) px	250m	121.8°E, 37.3°N	104112km2	-4714.1	-6381	-3959	1.4°	1.0%
h2908_0000	(5594, 2184) px	150m	53.4°E, 41.4°N	214663km2	-1762.7	-3474	631	3.8°	7.8%
h2913_0000	(4962, 1513) px	175m	78.0°W, 35.1°N	178236km2	675.9	-771	2078	3.5°	4.5%
h2996_0000	(2801, 806) px	150m	44.9°E, 28.9°N	45651km2	-996.3	-2511	315	3.4°	3.5%
h3249_0000	(8001, 1690) px	75m	21.4°E, 44.4°N	47924km2	-3560.4	-5099	-1204	3.4°	6.6%
h3253_0000	(7142, 1678) px	50m	9.6°W, 40.5°N	24933km2	-4278.1	-4996	-3177	4.3°	10.8%
h3272_0000	(1912, 1284) px	75m	77.5°W, 47.0°N	11410km2	55.9	-3028	1889	4.1°	7.5%
h3283_0000	(5353, 1318) px	75m	78.7°W, 45.3°N	29879km2	815.1	-2660	2678	3.4°	4.7%
h3289_0000	(4141, 1061) px	100m	51.1°E, 45.9°N	31014km2	-2653.7	-3596	-646	5.1°	12.4%
h3316_0000	(2772, 1447) px	75m	83.0°W, 46.5°N	15598km2	614.1	-1105	2792	6.7°	19.3%
h4087_0000	(10465, 1175) px	100m	80.2°W, 31.1°S	91348km2	3431.6	1893	5446	3.1°	3.6%
h4180_0000	(4501, 971) px	100m	141.2°E, 38.8°S	34336km2	1633.8	123	3262	4.0°	7.7%
h4234_0000	(3601, 1185) px	75m	125.5°W, 40.2°S	17789km2	2382.7	1156	4744	4.5°	8.5%
h4293_0000	(2501, 1002) px	75m	163.4°W, 43.0°S	11825km2	1362.8	587	3417	4.8°	10.7%
h4330_0000	(6901, 1022) px	75m	160.5°E, 36.9°S	30127km2	1012.0	-969	2364	4.2°	7.5%
h4365_0000	(5002, 1218) px	75m	39.6°W, 35.4°S	23863km2	121.8	-2765	1877	5.0°	12.7%
h4376_0000	(4453, 1027) px	100m	40.7°W, 36.0°S	29258km2	97.7	-1782	2112	5.5°	15.7%
h5081_0000	(11371, 2145) px	75m	92.4°W, 36.0°N	104607km2	777.6	-703	2996	1.9°	2.8%
h5173_0000	(14685, 1201) px	75m	63.0°E, 27.1°N	72584km2	-309.5	-2628	2263	5.6°	15.4%
h5195_0000	(5743, 1104) px	75m	22.4°E, 32.3°N	30026km2	-1848.9	-4014	-208	4.9°	9.9%
h5213_0000	(9533, 1474) px	75m	20.6°E, 34.8°N	52161km2	-2087.6	-3904	-204	4.9°	11.1%
h5249_0000	(9682, 1367) px	75m	18.3°E, 35.9°N	50841km2	-2323.2	-3695	-1311	4.2°	8.2%
h5263_0000	(1901, 1982) px	125m	57.6°E, 28.8°S	39685km2	-2299.6	-6154	807	4.8°	11.2%
h5267_0000	(9301, 1314) px	75m	17.0°E, 36.4°N	47984km2	-2356.2	-4417	-887	4.4°	9.6%
h5281_0000	(5252, 1315) px	75m	56.6°E, 38.3°N	27428km2	-2083.0	-3202	98	7.1°	24.7%
h5285_0000	(9503, 1447) px	75m	15.8°E, 36.6°N	48208km2	-2342.2	-4333	-907	4.2°	8.8%
h5286_0000	(12437, 2499) px	50m	84.3°W, 44.7°N	51054km2	352.5	-2124	3192	4.1°	8.9%
h5288_0000	(7205, 989) px	75m	76.5°E, 26.4°N	32079km2	-820.7	-2972	1499	7.9°	27.4%
h5299_0000	(7368, 1569) px	75m	55.2°E, 38.8°N	38310km2	-1278.4	-3093	354	6.0°	18.1%
h5303_0000	(8752, 1349) px	75m	14.7°E, 36.9°N	44190km2	-2389.0	-4249	-1084	4.3°	8.9%
h5304_0000	(5767, 2267) px	50m	85.4°W, 41.9°N	21127km2	1403.9	-232	3159	4.5°	9.8%
h5306_0000	(10740, 1140) px	75m	74.8°E, 24.6°N	49345km2	-439.1	-3454	1863	7.0°	22.9%
h5314_0000	(6601, 879) px	100m	5.5°W, 37.9°N	45091km2	-3626.2	-5167	-2113	2.6°	2.9%
h5317_0000	(5703, 1415) px	100m	52.6°E, 44.2°N	44583km2	-2354.1	-3417	-229	4.5°	9.9%
h5321_0000	(4153, 974) px	100m	13.9°E, 38.8°N	28588km2	-2641.5	-3894	-1534	3.4°	5.8%
h5322_0000	(11803, 1319) px	75m	86.2°W, 37.1°N	59678km2	899.2	-668	3142	4.8°	11.9%
h5324_0000	(3577, 1087) px	75m	73.6°E, 30.2°N	16795km2	-1439.1	-3462	1724	10.1°	38.4%
h5328_0000	(4952, 1353) px	100m	32.7°E, 43.5°N	37536km2	-2845.0	-3773	616	3.2°	5.1%
h5335_0000	(6852, 1311) px	100m	52.1°E, 46.0°N	54418km2	-2721.0	-3605	59	4.2°	9.8%
h5339_0000	(11202, 1377) px	75m	12.6°E, 40.0°N	60184km2	-2815.6	-4172	-913	3.6°	6.4%
h5340_0000	(12402, 1321) px	75m	87.4°W, 38.1°N	64076km2	588.7	-1064	2317	3.4°	6.2%
h5342_0000	(12303, 1124) px	75m	72.7°E, 25.0°N	61556km2	-85.3	-3176	1730	5.8°	16.5%
h5360_0000	(7976, 1248) px	75m	71.4°E, 28.8°N	40686km2	-1.4	-2827	1739	7.9°	27.5%
h5376_0000	(12049, 1437) px	75m	89.7°W, 38.1°N	64857km2	674.9	-924	2458	2.9°	4.9%
h5378_0000	(6071, 977) px	100m	70.2°E, 29.0°N	44808km2	137.2	-2306	1514	6.5°	20.9%
h5380_0000	(2689, 1598) px	75m	131.0°W, 44.5°N	15263km2	-1551.1	-2293	-1055	1.8°	0.9%
h5383_0000	(3176, 1592) px	75m	71.0°W, 49.0°N	19640km2	-2274.4	-3612	237	4.4°	10.8%
h5401_0000	(1385, 1211) px	100m	72.6°W, 48.1°N	11121km2	-1689.0	-3416	-372	4.9°	12.2%
h5405_0000	(9603, 2538) px	50m	111.9°W, 46.6°N	38658km2	1488.0	-1405	5348	2.3°	1.7%
h6395_0000	(3753, 762) px	100m	16.7°W, 30.9°S	23456km2	464.7	-1230	1464	4.5°	9.3%
h6408_0000	(13202, 1385) px	75m	121.4°E, 35.1°S	63518km2	891.4	-213	2386	3.1°	3.7%
h6409_0000	(9796, 949) px	100m	20.4°E, 29.5°S	65961km2	1730.5	-811	3014	3.6°	6.0%
h6419_0000	(3202, 1267) px	75m	99.5°E, 38.4°S	15688km2	-921.4	-2805	2644	6.3°	19.8%
h6437_0000	(1282, 885) px	100m	97.2°E, 37.5°S	8733km2	-1262.9	-3325	3035	7.3°	25.3%
h6465_0000	(9817, 1324) px	75m	169.5°E, 33.4°S	57385km2	1096.9	-535	3090	4.5°	8.6%
h6486_0000	(8681, 1737) px	75m	143.0°W, 43.7°S	50290km2	2302.5	476	3888	3.2°	5.2%
h6544_0000	(2801, 1598) px	100m	127.9°E, 40.7°S	27010km2	1561.6	514	2575	3.4°	4.8%
h6552_0000	(2002, 1306) px	125m	42.4°E, 45.7°S	24423km2	294.7	-1890	1855	4.0°	8.2%

Colin Souness, in his 2012 paper listed a total of 1309 'glacier-like forms' on the surface of Mars, in the mid-latitudes centred around 40° latitude, found from Mars Reconnaisance Orbiter context camera images.

In my dissertation (version for tablets) I studied descriptive statistics of them, including the distribution by elevation.

Since then, I have produced a web index to the objects, including a Top Trumps page for each object. I below show a table of links to the 30 Souness objects at the lowest and highest elevations. The Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera digital terrain model tile is shown where there is coverage, and it is also indicated where there are HiRISE images, or 3d anaglyphs that intersect with the outline of the object. These are linked to from the Top Trump page.

The elevation distribution looks as follows:

Elevation histograms for Souness object extents and head areas, compared with the overall elevation distribution in the coverage of the HRSC DTM tiles used

Slope histograms for Souness object extents and head areas, compared with the overall slope distribution in the coverage of the HRSC DTM tiles used

Showing the ratio of the GLF distribution as a function of elevation and slope / elevation and slope distribution in the HRSC tiles for extents.

The GLF distribution as a function of elevation  / elevation distribution in the HRSC tiles for the head areas.

The GLF distribution as a function of slope  / slope distribution in the HRSC tiles for the head areas.

I noted in the dissertation that that the numbers of glaciers appeared to be depleted below elevations of -3000m relative to Mars datum. There are two types of explanation for this, firstly that they were not formed, or secondly that they were more rapidly ablated. Fewer may have formed in the range -5000 to -3000 due to slope effects, with a large proportion of the these elevations being made up of the flat plains in the northern hemisphere, and the Martian glaciers are preferentially found on slopes. Alternatively in the higher-obliquity epoch, ablation may have been favoured at low elevations, due to higher temperatures, and possibly wind-stripping of debris cover allowing sublimation.


The outliers at the extreme ends of the elevation distribution may be of interest, since they may show something about what limited the distribution of Souness objects on Mars.

There is a secondary peak in the distribution at very low elevations. These could have formed at a later epoch at a lower obliquity in a cooler climate where glacier accumulation was only significant at the lowest elevations.
It is also an interesting question whether the objects at very high elevations formed at the same epoch as the main distribution, or whether these come from an older, more extreme obliquity epoch.

Lowest and highest 30 Souness glacier-like forms

Based on mean elevation of 5km circular radius buffer (from Souness et al. 2012 paper)

Lowest elevation 30 GLFs (buffer mean from Souness catalog):

Catalog number	Elevation (m)	Region	HRSC DTM tile	Centre Latitude	Centre Longitude	Area (sq. km)	N HiRISE footprints intersecting	N anaglyphs intersecting
1130	-6664	West of Hellas	H2613_0000	-32.51	56.61	5.63	0	0
1123	-6603	East of Hellas	none	-35.62	75.61	0.80	0	0
1126	-6540	West of Hellas	none	-30.82	64.50	0.71	0	0
1119	-6534	East of Hellas	H2195_0000	-44.29	83.56	2.85	0	0
1122	-6533	East of Hellas	none	-35.56	75.58	0.79	0	0
1120	-6466	East of Hellas	H2195_0000	-44.30	83.57	2.92	0	0
1118	-6001	East of Hellas	H2631_0001	-42.71	85.99	1.35	0	0
1301	-5507	East of Hellas	H2631_0001	-39.82	86.16	0.75	0	0
1302	-5456	East of Hellas	H2631_0001	-39.82	86.14	0.84	1	0
193	-5431	Utopia Planitia and Phlegra Montes	none	38.59	137.20	1.03	1	0
1117	-5334	East of Hellas	H2631_0001	-39.82	86.16	0.70	0	0
1114	-5283	East of Hellas	H2609_0000	-38.22	88.12	2.24	0	0
1300	-5227	East of Hellas	H2631_0001	-39.82	86.17	18.47	0	0
198	-5137	Utopia Planitia and Phlegra Montes	H1526_0000	38.93	116.36	1.99	3	1
200	-5108	Utopia Planitia and Phlegra Montes	H1526_0000	39.08	116.07	3.62	1	0
1112	-5097	East of Hellas	H0365_0000	-40.97	90.17	2.05	1	0
1113	-5077	East of Hellas	H0365_0000	-40.99	90.16	0.61	1	0
194	-5025	Utopia Planitia and Phlegra Montes	H2878_0000	40.12	120.16	1.96	1	0
199	-5019	Utopia Planitia and Phlegra Montes	H1526_0000	39.05	116.05	0.59	1	0
195	-5008	Utopia Planitia and Phlegra Montes	H2878_0000	40.11	120.23	2.64	1	0
1115	-4981	East of Hellas	H2609_0000	-38.21	88.06	4.74	0	0
196	-4958	Utopia Planitia and Phlegra Montes	H2878_0000	40.58	120.39	8.78	0	0
1111	-4886	East of Hellas	H0365_0000	-40.62	90.28	3.07	0	0
197	-4881	Utopia Planitia and Phlegra Montes	H2878_0000	40.52	120.53	6.11	0	0
1116	-4860	East of Hellas	H2609_0000	-38.62	87.94	8.01	0	0
1131	-4842	West of Hellas	none	-35.20	51.26	8.64	0	0
1103	-4588	East of Hellas	H0528_0000	-38.54	94.37	2.00	2	1
1134	-4193	West of Hellas	none	-35.61	48.98	2.14	0	0
1110	-4187	East of Hellas	H0550_0000	-36.51	90.17	0.84	0	0
3	-4161	Deuteronilus Mensae	H3253_0000	38.33	-9.76	2.41	0	0

Highest elevation 30 GLFs (buffer mean from Souness catalog):

Catalog number	Elevation (m)	Region	HRSC DTM tile	Centre Latitude	Centre Longitude	Area (sq. km)	N HiRISE footprints intersecting	N anaglyphs intersecting
844	7681	Tharsis	H0453_0000	-40.65	-92.24	9.01	1	0
845	6928	Tharsis	H0266_0000	-40.91	-94.50	0.93	0	0
846	6784	Tharsis	H0266_0000	-40.93	-94.52	0.88	0	0
848	6708	Tharsis	H0266_0000	-40.95	-94.58	1.44	0	0
847	6662	Tharsis	H0266_0000	-40.95	-94.56	1.60	0	0
82	5894	Olympus Mons and surrounding area	none	41.69	-110.67	1.16	0	0
850	5407	Tharsis	H0508_0000	-40.90	-97.60	1.00	0	0
849	5301	Tharsis	H0508_0000	-40.81	-97.94	0.81	0	0
851	5101	Tharsis	H0508_0000	-40.92	-97.49	1.02	0	0
852	4556	Tharsis	H0508_0000	-41.85	-97.55	1.22	1	0
853	4445	Tharsis	H0508_0000	-41.86	-97.49	1.13	1	0
81	4139	Olympus Mons and surrounding area	H5405_0000	44.92	-111.19	3.29	0	0
827	4101	Tharsis	H4087_0000	-35.01	-79.64	1.01	0	0
79	3927	Olympus Mons and surrounding area	none	38.33	-103.58	0.67	1	0
823	3799	Tharsis	H2596_0001	-35.48	-75.24	4.97	0	0
818	3769	Tharsis	none	-36.62	-70.77	4.20	1	0
854	3762	Tharsis	none	-42.32	-98.61	0.84	0	0
866	3675	Tharsis	H4234_0000	-42.08	-124.73	7.10	0	0
817	3626	Tharsis	none	-36.60	-70.54	4.60	1	0
1034	3533	East of Hellas	H2356_0002	-40.83	103.02	20.49	2	1
794	3475	Argyre	none	-50.59	-58.61	10.56	0	0
1287	3444	East of Hellas	H2279_0001	-42.76	108.15	9.71	0	0
825	3441	Tharsis	H2607_0000	-41.95	-76.95	1.47	0	0
819	3433	Tharsis	none	-36.61	-70.47	1.57	1	0
764	3404	Argyre	H2669_0000	-38.90	-48.01	3.90	1	0
859	3210	Tharsis	H2644_0000	-49.59	-113.36	8.60	0	0
824	3196	Tharsis	H2640_0000	-41.49	-77.02	13.87	1	0
862	3188	Tharsis	H0424_0000	-43.42	-121.98	4.31	0	0
1043	3155	East of Hellas	H0451_0000	-37.89	103.38	17.29	2	1
998	3134	East of Hellas	H1887_0000	-42.03	109.59	38.62	0	0

Based on mean HRSC DTM elevation of immediate head area (100m radius)

Lowest elevation 30 GLFs (head):

Note that a terminus elevation of 0 is due to the terminus falling in a no data area.

Catalog number	Head elevation (m)	Termimus elevation (m)	Region	HRSC DTM tile	Head Latitude	Head Longitude	Area (sq. km)	N HiRISE footprints intersecting	N anaglyphs intersecting
1130	-6858	-7173	West of Hellas	H2613_0000	-32.50	56.65	5.63	0	0
1119	-6667	-6943	East of Hellas	H2195_0000	-44.27	83.58	2.85	0	0
1120	-6639	-6918	East of Hellas	H2195_0000	-44.30	83.60	2.92	0	0
1118	-5779	-6047	East of Hellas	H2631_0001	-42.70	85.99	1.35	0	0
1117	-5550	-5647	East of Hellas	H2631_0001	-39.83	86.17	0.70	0	0
1301	-5550	-5663	East of Hellas	H2631_0001	-39.83	86.16	0.75	0	0
1302	-5430	-5659	East of Hellas	H2631_0001	-39.84	86.13	0.84	1	0
198	-5251	-5718	Utopia Planitia and Phlegra Montes	H1526_0000	38.90	116.38	1.99	3	1
1300	-5180	-5595	East of Hellas	H2631_0001	-39.21	86.18	18.47	0	0
1113	-5050	0	East of Hellas	H0365_0000	-40.99	90.17	0.61	1	0
200	-4996	-5782	Utopia Planitia and Phlegra Montes	H1526_0000	39.08	116.04	3.62	1	0
1115	-4937	-5051	East of Hellas	H2609_0000	-38.19	88.07	4.74	0	0
1112	-4934	0	East of Hellas	H0365_0000	-40.97	90.19	2.05	1	0
199	-4927	-5397	Utopia Planitia and Phlegra Montes	H1526_0000	39.05	116.04	0.59	1	0
1114	-4912	-5228	East of Hellas	H2609_0000	-38.22	88.10	2.24	0	0
1116	-4861	-5262	East of Hellas	H2609_0000	-38.65	87.98	8.01	0	0
1111	-4775	-5282	East of Hellas	H0365_0000	-40.61	90.25	3.07	0	0
1103	-4691	-5009	East of Hellas	H0528_0000	-38.55	94.34	2.00	2	1
1	-4222	-4534	Deuteronilus Mensae	H5314_0000	37.89	-5.93	10.95	3	1
2	-4149	-4530	Deuteronilus Mensae	H5314_0000	37.99	-5.96	18.95	3	1
1110	-4037	-4049	East of Hellas	H0550_0000	-36.50	90.18	0.84	0	0
6	-3805	-4014	Deuteronilus Mensae	H1498_0000	30.59	-11.34	2.79	1	0
192	-3772	-4407	Utopia Planitia and Phlegra Montes	H1317_0000	34.24	144.32	4.39	2	0
3	-3746	-4196	Deuteronilus Mensae	H3253_0000	38.32	-9.78	2.41	0	0
120	-3691	-3845	Olympus Mons and surrounding area	H1258_0001	34.22	-177.33	4.71	0	0
121	-3684	-4010	Olympus Mons and surrounding area	H1258_0001	34.22	-177.33	6.58	0	0
4	-3677	-3914	Deuteronilus Mensae	H3253_0000	38.27	-9.31	1.35	0	0
5	-3604	-4058	Deuteronilus Mensae	H3253_0000	40.04	-10.36	2.50	0	0
299	-3447	-3681	Nilosyrtis Mensae	H1629_0000	42.47	62.49	1.40	0	0
1299	-3393	-4112	East of Hellas	H0550_0000	-35.30	91.18	1.65	7	1

Highest elevation 30 GLFs (head):

Catalog number	Head elevation (m)	Termimus elevation (m)	Region	HRSC DTM tile	Head Latitude	Head Longitude	Area (sq. km)	N HiRISE footprints intersecting	N anaglyphs intersecting
844	7484	7166	Tharsis	H0453_0000	-40.63	-92.20	9.01	1	0
848	7078	6647	Tharsis	H0266_0000	-40.94	-94.59	1.44	0	0
847	6980	6616	Tharsis	H0266_0000	-40.94	-94.57	1.60	0	0
845	6971	6730	Tharsis	H0266_0000	-40.90	-94.51	0.93	0	0
846	6959	6679	Tharsis	H0266_0000	-40.92	-94.53	0.88	0	0
849	5624	5096	Tharsis	H0508_0000	-40.80	-97.93	0.81	0	0
850	5439	4826	Tharsis	H0508_0000	-40.88	-97.60	1.00	0	0
851	5190	4766	Tharsis	H0508_0000	-40.91	-97.49	1.02	0	0
852	4822	4204	Tharsis	H0508_0000	-41.83	-97.55	1.22	1	0
853	4566	4025	Tharsis	H0508_0000	-41.84	-97.50	1.13	1	0
827	4183	3695	Tharsis	H4087_0000	-35.00	-79.64	1.01	0	0
81	3914	3587	Olympus Mons and surrounding area	H5405_0000	44.91	-111.21	3.29	0	0
866	3797	3217	Tharsis	H4234_0000	-42.05	-124.71	7.10	0	0
823	3729	3628	Tharsis	H2596_0001	-35.44	-75.27	4.97	0	0
1287	3634	1951	East of Hellas	H2279_0001	-42.82	108.19	9.71	0	0
764	3627	2737	Argyre	H2669_0000	-38.89	-48.06	3.90	1	0
825	3529	2918	Tharsis	H2607_0000	-41.93	-76.97	1.47	0	0
1043	3367	752	East of Hellas	H0451_0000	-37.81	103.39	17.29	2	1
862	3317	2847	Tharsis	H0424_0000	-43.40	-121.99	4.31	0	0
859	3249	1968	Tharsis	H2644_0000	-49.55	-113.33	8.60	0	0
1034	3225	-175	East of Hellas	H2356_0002	-40.70	103.01	20.49	2	1
863	3100	2827	Tharsis	H0424_0000	-43.42	-122.02	4.36	0	0
826	3042	2691	Tharsis	H2607_0000	-41.92	-76.89	2.57	0	0
1290	3013	1087	East of Hellas	H2356_0002	-41.71	104.12	21.98	1	0
822	2939	2606	Tharsis	H2596_0001	-37.19	-72.32	0.92	0	0
824	2926	2282	Tharsis	H2640_0000	-41.48	-77.12	13.87	1	0
861	2892	2332	Tharsis	H2197_0001	-51.24	-113.67	2.04	0	0
1042	2825	1510	East of Hellas	H0451_0000	-37.83	103.32	4.63	2	1
1015	2800	569	East of Hellas	H2345_0000	-44.83	104.75	15.26	2	0
763	2780	2162	Argyre	H2669_0000	-38.54	-48.03	1.12	0	0

Campaign poster showing Gul Dukat and Brunt. Background from APOD by Rogelio Bernal Andreo.

The shock victory of Gul Dukat and Liquidator Brunt in the galactic presidential election has left the Federation wondering if Earth will reconsider plans to leave the Federation following the referendum in which the population narrowly voted to do so.

Although it is now eight Earth years since the Earth voted by 52% to 48% to leave the Federation, the President of Earth has not invoked Article 50 of the planet's membership treaty and is in battle over whether she can do so without a vote in the Planetary Assembly. The Earth orbital and lunar colonies strongly voted remain. The First Minister of Luna is advocating an independence referendum and several asteroid colonies are exploring transferring to Martian jurisdiction which has its own Federation membership.

Losing access to the Federation single market would make Earth more vulnerable to economic exploitation by the Ferengi.

The Leave campaign is now widely regarded as overestimating the amount of dilithium contributed to the Federation budget by Earth.

On the morning of the second day of the Boundary Commission for England and Cornwall's public hearings relating to the proposed new parliamentary constituencies including a Devonwall constituency, the government has published what it calls a response to the recent petition to restore central government funding for the Cornish language.

I would attend one of the public hearings but I have already responded online and expect the public hearings to be a farce. The issue is not primarily with the Commission but the remit they were given by Government (see my comment on Dick Cole's blog).

However this (non-)response is insulting because it doesn't address any of the issues raised regarding the status of Cornish as a recognised minority language. We are once again treated as second class citizens.

Here are a couple of bar graphs illustrating how much the UK government has been spending each year on the Cornish language in the years 2010 to 2016.

The blue bar is 1200 pixels high in the original image therefore the left hand bar (£108333.33/yr based on £650000 over 6 years) is not even visible in the rendering. It should also be noted that the UK government has funded nuclear weapons since the 1940s whereas the £650000 in 6 years represents the entirety of the UK central government funding for Cornish over more than 300 years since the 1707 Act of Union.

Even on a logarithmic scale it still looks like peanuts.

 The government's response  was so short I can quote it here in full:

The Government has provided Cornwall Council with substantial spending power to allocate resources to their local priorities, including the Cornish language.

Read the response in full

The Government has always been clear that its funding of some £650,000 since 2010 to support the development of the Cornish language was time-limited, and that the Council should seek alternative sources in order to place it on a more sustainable basis. Cornwall Council has a core spending power of £1.7 billion over four years from which they can allocate the necessary resources to local priorities, including the development the Cornish language, if they wish.
Department for Communities and Local Government

This doesn't address any of the issues raised related to the UK signing the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages or the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. It is a non-response that can be described as insulting.

This "substantial spending power" is on an annual basis not even 10% of the estimated annual budget for Trident replacement.

Meanwhile the average full-time weekly wage in Kensington is £848.20 whereas in St. Ives constituency it is only £389.20, the 4th lowest in the UK tied with Dwyfor Merionydd. Where is this spending power of which you speak? When are you planning to close the income gap with London?

The European Space Agency operates the pair of Sentinel 1 synthetic aperture radar satellites.

The advantage of radar is that it is not affected by clouds to the same degree that optical remote sensing is,  and there is also useful information gained by the polarisation.

As an example, I downloaded a Sentinel 1B product covering Cornwall and Devon which was taken on 7th October 2016, from the Copernicus data hub.

The type of product I used is the Interferometric Wide Swath mode (further detail).

I used the Sentinel Toolbox to perform orthorectification automatically, and visualise as a RGB with VH polarisation in the red channel, VV in the green, and the ratio between the two in the blue.

Truro

The stripmap mode of aquisition, which is less commonly used, provides a higher resolutionof 5m x 5m.

Here is an image from 11th December 2014, with the same colour scheme used.

Returning to the interferometric wide swath mode, overlaying roads and placenames for context. The colour scaling is slightly different in this image, making the green band less strong.

A portion from a Sentinel 2A image from 30th September 2016, using bands 11, 8 and 4 (1610nm, 842nm, 655nm).

The Level 2A product includes a basic pixel level land cover classification - there are some errors here note some cloud shadow has been classified as water or cloud, and spurious snow/ice around Porthtowan.